Over biosynthesis of proline by the overexpression of P5CS may play an important role in flower initiation and bolting promotion at the early stage of plant development . Lower photosynthetic pigments and fluorescence with higher accumulation of proline in the present study indicate a stress response of plants in the L1 treatment . This stress may be due to the lower intensity of natural light under greenhouse conditions. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy and are considered the main criterion of cell division activity in plants, and their concentration depends on the amount of photosynthetically active radiation . In a previous study, it was reported that UV-A light inflfluenced the plants to accumulate more carbohydrates , whereas at a low R:FR ratio plants accumulated more soluble sugar, carbohydrates, and secondary metabolites . The ratio of red spectrum ranged from 40 to 60%, with other light sources increasing the TSC and sugar in L7, L8, L9, and L10 .
The monochromatic red, blue, and their combined spectra manifested decreased soluble carbohydrate in Anthurium cut flowers in a previous study . Our present study also found a lower TSC and sucrose content in combined red-blue spectra compared to all other treatments. From the PCA analysis, it can be revealed that both the TSC and sucrose content manifested a negative correlation with SL, LL, and LW and are closely associated with the L9 treatment. A possible explanation is based on the fact that under stress plants produce excess carbon skeletons to prevent the declining trend in photosynthetic rate and growth in plants, which help to increase osmolytes production . The reduced photosynthetic pigments , LL, and LW under the L9 treatment in the present study quite support this hypothesis. Our study found a similar pattern of TSC and sucrose content while little dissimilarities were also observed from ascorbic acid under different light spectra. It was narrated that TSC are the precursor for ascorbic acid biosynthesis, and mature green tomatoes can achieve both compounds in higher amounts under high irradiance of light, but no correlations were observed in a series of experiments between them .
These results indicate that the accumulation of sucrose content and TSC is interdependent, whereas ascorbic acid is independent of both compounds. Moreover, plants accumulate all osmoprotectant molecules significantly higher when the green light was added to the other light spectra , compared to the red and blue combination . Since ancient times, wild or naturalized plants have provided social security to millions of people globally, in the form of fuel, food, fodder, supplements, raw materials for industries, medicines, and especially a source of additional income . According to the World Health Organization, about 65–80% of people in developing countries are reliant on herbal remedies made from medicinal plants.The Indian Himalayan region was well-known for its floristic diversity, with approximately 1748 medicinal plant species reported from the region , which were used in various fifields of chemistry, pharmacological research, pharmacognosy, and clinical therapeutic studies . Himachal Pradesh is the northeastern state of India, geographically divided into three distinct regions; the outer Himalayas , the mid-hills, and the greater Himalayas, which cover an area of 55,673 km2 . Due to its diverse climatic, topographic, and geographical position or altitude, the state of Himachal Pradesh represents a rich source of biodiversity.
According to the data of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee , out of 1100 single-ingredient drugs, 350 plant species belong to native therapeutic groups, among which 225 species blooms in the state of Himachal Pradesh and were obtained commercially . Angiosperms, including 1003 species of dicotyledons, belonging to 498 genera and 313 species of monocotyledons, belonging to 133 genera. Whereas, the gymnosperms are characterized by only 10 species and 8 genera in the state . The contribution of dicotyledons and monocotyledons to the world flora is approximately 81.3 and 18.7 percent, respectively, with the Shimla district accounting for 23.3 percent of monocotyledon species . Approximately 500 species of medicinal plants have been reported from Himachal Pradesh . From the very beginning of human civilization, people have been developing their knowledge of plant use, management, and conservation. Indigenous people seem to have a hierarchical knowledge of these traditional medicinal plants for a variety of human diseases, and this knowledge has been passed on from one generation to the next . This study documents the accumulated knowledge regarding plants in the Maraog region that has traditionally been employed for the treatment of different human diseases.