Construction of greenhouses and hoop houses and commercial kitchens has enabled year-round production and preservation of the agricultural bounty. The average size of farms has decreased to 58 acres as the focus is more on small vegetable production than meat operations. Average market value of products sold per farm has decreased as well to just over $13,000, although once farm expenses are factored in, net farm income is -$6,293 . Small scale heritage grain production has re-emerged on several islands, which represents an exciting step towards relocalizing important food supply chains and reclaiming sovereignty that has been taken away from communities through consolidation of food “commodities” . Grains comprise the largest acreage of certified organic crop production in San Juan County at approximately 200 acres in production . Grains also represent new revenue stream for farmers taking advantage of growing interest in sourcing local grains among local bakeries and restaurants. A talk at the San Juan Agricultural summit in 2019 on farming history in the San Juan concluded with the statement that “it is a myth you can’t make a living farming in the islands, but the successful people have been those who have innovated and shown their savvy at investing in new varieties or types of crop and in contacting distant specialty markets” .The aging farmer population and farmland transition dilemmas on Lopez are challenges mirrored in agricultural communities nationwide, encompassing both large industrial and smaller scale operations. Several of the island’s most successful farms are led by farmers in their 50s, 60s, and 70s,procona system without a clear plan of who will take over as the current owner-operators seek to retire. Few of the farmers on the island have children interested in taking over the farm.
The primary mechanisms for farm transfer and new farm establishment are through LCLT, the San Juan Islands Ag Guild, and the real estate market for island farmland. LCLT works towards three goals related to land access: affordable housing, sustainable communities, and farmland conservation. Their most recent initiative, the Lopez Island Farm Trust , was formed in 2018 to spearhead farmland conservation work. LIFT aims to strengthen the local food system and provide affordable access to land through a “comprehensive legal, ethical, and economically viable land lease system.” LIFT seeks to acquire, lease and manage new and historical farms; provide education for beginning farmers; foster business opportunities for regenerative agriculture operations; and encourage multi-generational living on the land . LCLT plans to use the affordable lease template as a model for securing and transitioning other farmland parcels, whether gifts or purchases, to the next generation of regenerative farmers. Ensuring the success of the newly leased Stonecrest Farm operation is essential to the continuation of this work, as facilitating a smooth transition to a new family operation is inherently challenging. It remains to be seen how replicable the Stonecrest Farm purchase is, or the degree to which it can serve as an affordable land access model, due to the difficulty for the land trust to raise large sums of money on a regular basis; “it was a big lift for us,” says LCLT Community Liaison Rhea Miller, of the fundraising effort to purchase Stonecrest. The Ag Guild recently received a three-year Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development grant from the USDA to research and improve access to farmland for new and beginning farmers. The grant collaboration included WSU SJC Extension, the Northwest Ag Business Center, Whidbey Island Conservation District, and the Organic Farm School farmer training program on Whidbey Island. As part of the grant activities, staff at the Ag Guild conduct outreach with beginning farmers interested in accessing farmland and establishing operations in the San Juan Islands, and posts opportunities for farmland access on its website’s “Farmers-to-Farmland” page .
The outreach process includes connecting farmers to suitable farmland parcels and providing relevant information about available water sources, markets, local contacts, and housing options. In some cases, aspiring farmers have decided that the location is not suited to their needs. Rather than seeing this as a failure, ensuring opportunity to opt out is an important part of the farmland succession process and ultimately setting up new farmers for success . Recognizing and overcoming challenges of a specific context is an essential part of farmland transitions, with some challenges more easily overcome than others . In most cases, the land tenure for new farmers would be through lease agreements, rather than ownership models, as much of the farmland available in the county is owned by the Land Bank, Preservation Trust, or private individuals open to leasing arrangements with aspiring farmers. There is a divide between the landowning and land leasing populations, with many young people not able to afford to buy into an ownership arrangement. Currently on Lopez, most farmland in operation is leased rather than owned . This creates instability and precarity around sustaining the future of farming on the island. Pathways to cooperative and collective ownership5 of farmland as a land access opportunity are largely absent in the Lopez case study and throughout the Pacific Northwest. Ag Guild staff are very open to the idea of supporting more farmers, both current and new, in establishing cooperative enterprises. Organic Farm School directors are similarly encouraging of this idea, arguing that many new farmers might not be ready to take over an 80-acre parcel of land and put it to productive use immediately, but it might be more appropriate for a group of five to divide up vegetable production, flower production, poultry production, grazing and value added products6. Distributing the risk, responsibilities, and knowledge-intensive labor among partners is a yet-to-be-thoroughly-tested strategy for overcoming some of the land access challenges facing farmers in the San Juan Island region.Agroecology rests upon an essential foundation of building healthy soil, through ecological cultivation of plants, insects, and food webs governed by the “Law of Return” creating a rich network of life on the farm. On Lopez, land clearing for farming, homesteading, and haying posed a threat to the island’s biological and pedologic resource base starting in the late 19th century with the arrival of European-Americans. Today, there is growing attention around restoring and revitalizing soils, forestland, and ecosystem services. Farms such as Midnight’s Farm are managing land for three purposes: healthy food production, economic viability, and soil carbon storage . Other farms are following suit, seeking to build soil and revitalize land that has been degraded especially from repeated haying. The soils on the island vary across short distances, from sandy and well-drained hilltops to heavy clay and moisture-retaining wetlands. The island geology is mostly rock, with a thin soil layer, not considered ideal for farming activities. In the words of one farmer, “we don’t have much rich farmland for row crops on Lopez, so most of us are in a constant dance to balance income-producing crops with inputs to improve the soil and, therefore, the harvest” .
Farmers and ranchers are involved in a suite of soil-building practices out of necessity for maintaining productive small-scale operations year after year. These practices include compost production and application, cover cropping, bio-char production and co-composting, crop rotations, intercropping ,procona valencia buckets managed rotational grazing, minimal- or no-till cultivation, and combinations of perennial and annual plantings with animals to create a diverse ecological farming system that takes less than it gives back to the ultimate life-source: the soil. Farmers receive support, training, and information from researchers at WSU SJC Extension, SJICD, and through annual farmer to farmer workshops. Several farmers collaborated in 2015 to host a visit from the Soil Carbon Coalition’s Peter Donovan in order to sample local soils as a baseline and collect additional samples in later years to measure carbon storage, an important component of soil health. WSU researchers offer regular guidance and workshops around crop rotations and pasture management to improve island soils. Recently, WSU partnered with local farmers and the local bakery to host a Field Day on small scale grain production, part of a soil-building rotation that can enhance fertility in concert with legumes and other crops. Other WSU researchers collaborated on a successfully funded Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education grant proposal with five local producers to explore the use of bio-char co-composted with cattle bedding and other woody biomass materials as a soil amendment, which will be applied in experimental trial plots beginning in summer 2020 . The SJICD received a WA State Department of Ecology grant to purchase a no-till seed drill that is shared among islands, and recently used in a sequence of liming and seeding Lopez pastures with diverse seed mixes to restore grassland soil health. While the support and education provided by local agriculture and conservation organizations is essential, there is a constant need for further financial resources to extend and improve educational initiatives and technology pilots.Related to efforts of building healthy soil through crop rotations and appropriate farming decisions, farmers on Lopez are taking steps to provide their own inputs for crop production that do not need to be imported or purchased from off island. At a Department of Ecology-approved facility, the farm produces compost from forest and agricultural debris dropped off from across the island, grinding, composting, and screening materials in an aerated static pile system to create a finished product that is widely applied to local croplands. Manure and bedding material from the farm’s cattle, pigs, and chickens are valuable feed stocks to the composting process as well. Midnight’s produces over 600 yards of compost annually, which is all applied to Lopez agricultural lands and gardens. Farms also self-compost, recycling waste products in smaller decentralized systems and supplementing with purchased composts.
Animals also play a role: “Our pigs really close the loop for us on the farm,” one farmer stated, referring to food and plant scraps she was feeding to her American Guinea hogs who were in the midst of transforming it into high quality meat . More recently, due to wildfire risk mitigation efforts, the island has begun to selectively remove and burn some trees in a controlled, limited oxygen environment to create local bio-char, a potentially valuable soil amendment with implications for increased soil carbon sequestration. Current production is happening at a very small scale, but regional interest in larger-scale bio-char production abounds. Midnight’s Farm initiated a research collaboration between WSU extension, U.C. Berkeley, and five local producers from across Western Washington to address the question: can bio-char be a multi-use farm product that improves farm-based co-composted products and vegetable production, and promotes soil C sequestration? Two regionally sourced bio-chars will be applied to cattle bedding at Midnight’s Farm, and then the bio-char-bedding will be co-composted with other on-farm feed stocks to produce a bio-char-enhanced compost product. Through absorbing Nitrogen and other nutrients from the cattle bedding, the “charged” bio-char is intended to provide valuable fertilizer-like qualities to the compost, reducing the need for other amendments to cropping fields. The research hypotheses are: 1) blending bio-char into cow bedding will result in greater N retention, reducing the potential for environmental loss, 2) adding the bio-char bedding blend to compost will increase nutrient content, thereby adding value to the compost product, and that 3) compost with bio-char as a feed stock will lead to increased soil carbon, cation exchange capacity, and pH when applied to soil . The research team will measure impacts on manure handling, composting, soil quality and crop yields, following field application trials on two local farms . Data will be collected in Spring 2020 on soil profiles before amendment, and again in Fall 2020 on soils and crop yields. The research underway is based on prior work from local bio-char researcher Kai Hoffman-Krull and others, who have worked with universities in Washington and Montana over the past five years investigating on-farm bio-char soil amendments. They have found through field trials on nearby Waldron Island, WA, that in addition to improving soil C storage, locally produced bio-chars have potential to “significantly improve soil fertility and crop productivity in organic farming systems on sandy soils” . However, there remains controversy around the impacts of bio-char in disparate contexts, evidenced by several meta-analyses pointing out varied outcomes based on pyrolysis and feed stock conditions , and differential effects of in temperate vs. tropical soils . Both meta-analyses call for further study in diverse geographic contexts of interest.