Cannabis Grow

However, in our case, the low level of blood THC and the absence of urine do not allow to make inference on the time of the assumption. In developed countries, and even in developing countries, there is a rising concern on the part of health authorities on how diet can cause numerous diseases . Therefore, several epidemiological studies have exposed that the consumption of diets with high quantities of fat and with a high content in saturated fatty acids induces many health-related disorders . Thus, one of the most effective behaviors to reduce the risk to develop several diseases is restraining the consumption of saturated fats. In this sense, meat and meat products are one of the principal dietary sources of saturated fats. These fats, which comprised between 30 and 50% of the product, are rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and they are considered a promoting factor in the development of several diseases including coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity and overweight, inflammation, oxidative stress, etc. .

As a result of these undesirable health effects of excessive fat consumption, the meat industry has had to adapt to these consumers’ requirements developing low-fat meat products with healthier lipid profiles. To achieve this objective, besides the reduction of fat content, numerous strategies have been tried including the direct addition of vegetable oils with healthier lipid profiles , the incorporation of vegetable oils with healthierprofile encapsulated in several matrices , the use of oleogels , and the use of gelled emulsions . Its formation consists of two stages; in the first, the O/W emulsion is elaborated, and in the second stage, the gelled emulsion is properly obtained with the formation in the aqueous phase of a drop structure of the emulsion inside of the cross-linked structure of biopolymers . To elaborate these O/W emulsions, several vegetable or marine oils, as well as mixes of them with a healthier fatty acid profile have been utilized, including chia oil, linseed oil, tiger nut oil, and algal oil, among others . Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that reducing or replacing the fat content in a meat product is not an easy task.

Animal fat is a basic ingredient in the processing of meat products due to its technological and sensory properties . Additionally, the addition of vegetables or marine oils with a healthier fatty acid profile may cause an acceleration of lipid oxidation reactions, which can lead to a decrease in the product shelf life as well as a deterioration of their sensorial and nutritional properties . As mentioned above, several vegetable oils can be used to elaborate gelled emulsion. Chia oil is a significant oilseed due to its nutritional composition, consisting of up to 65% α-linolenic acid and 20% linoleic acid in the unsaturated fatty acid fraction . Since 2014, it can be marketed in the European Union. On the contrary, hemp oil is not widespread on the market, although it is also characterized by an interesting fatty acid composition with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, in this composition, it is possible to find a high content, up to 75%, of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the unique ratio of 3:1 between omega-6 and omega-3. Hemp oil highly contains linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in the range of 50–60% and 20–25%, respectively . In addition, there are high amounts of chlorophyll in the oil due to the harvesting of high amounts of immature seeds .

With the objective to stabilize the O/W emulsion formed, several ingredients have been used. Pseudocereal flours seem to be excellent candidates for this application . They contain high-quality proteins, abundant amounts of starch with unique characteristics, large quantities of micronutrients such as minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds, and they are gluten-free, which makes them suitable for people suffering from various gluten intolerances. Their main component, starch, has many interesting features such as very small granules ready to form cross-link structures, which made them useful for stabilizing emulsions . For these reasons, interest in pseudocereals has increased immensely since the turn of the century, and research efforts have been intensified to include them in our diet. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop gelled emulsions using pseudocereal flours and vegetable oils , to determine their chemical composition, physico-chemical properties, and lipid stability, and to evaluate their stability during frozen storage. Meat plays a crucial role in human evolution and is an important component of a healthy and balanced diet , and meat consumption has long been an indicator of wellbeing. Despite the fact that today the amount of meat in human diets varies greatly among individuals within societies, meat consumption is rising, and current evidence suggests that increased consumption of meat, especially that of red and processed meats, will adversely affect public health . Therefore, for some nutrient-dense foods, which can increase noncommunicable disease risk when eaten in excess, dietary recommendations must encourage preventing overconsumption .

The crop is widely grown as an annual staple food and animal feed by resource-poor smallholders mostly on marginal infertile soils without purchased production inputs in countries of tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America, with a total cultivated area >20 million hectares producing over 240 million tons of fresh storage roots, more than 70% of it being in Africa and Asia, with the greatest share in the former . Nigeria is the largest world producer of cassava . It is currently the world’s fourth most important staple and carbohydrate-enrichedfood after rice, wheat and maize and is an important component in the diet of over 800 million people across continents. In the tropical and sub-tropical countries, where cassava is produced, total human calories intake from cassava products exceeds 200 billion kcal/day . Because cassava roots are very low in protein content , human requirement for protein and other essential nutrients are commonly fulfilled by other food sources.

Cassava leaves are also consumed and constitute an excellent source for protein supplement , minerals and vitamins for the human diet in many African and Asian countries, as well as in certain regions of Brazil . Nevertheless, cassava roots and leaves are deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids . In countries where cassava is traditionally used directly for human consumption , particularly in Africa and Latin America, cultivars low in cyanogens are preferably used to avoid health hazards. When using cultivars high in cyanogens , much of the hydrocyanic acid is normally removed from cassava roots and leaves by using a mix of complex traditional methods and modern technologies during food processing and preparation . Its often poorly-processed food products contain some anti-nutrient elements such as free HCN, phytates and polyphenols, and particularly acetone cyanohydrin, which is commonly associated with an upper motor neuron disease known as “konzo syndrome” in some African countries . This occurs mainly with large intake of inadequately processed bitter-cassava products in areas hit by long drought and with shortages of balanced diets. Also, cassava leaves have value as a protein supplement in animal nutrition either in feed formulation for mono-gastric animals or as a fresh forage to supplement low-quality roughages in ruminant feeds .

All parts of cassava plants are valuable sources for animal feed that could be either fed or grazed fresh in case of sweet cultivars, or dried and ensilaged in bitter cultivars . For decades, Thailand was the largest exporter of cassava dried root chips, mainly to European countries, where it were used as a cheap component in the industry of animal feed concentrates. A significant portion of storage roots is used worldwide for starch extraction, glucose manufacturing, alcohol, and recently for biofuel. The cassava crop is propagated vegetative by using short woody stem cuttings planted horizontally, vertically, or inclined on flat or ridged lands at population densities from 5000 to 20,000 cuttings per hectare depending on the cropping systems and purpose of production . Lower population densities are practiced in intercropping systems, commonly with grain legumes and cereals such as maize and sorghum. When grown in mono-cropping systems, higher densities at 10,000 plants per hectare, or greater, are used. Sexual seeds are used mainly in breeding programs, though its use in commercial cassava production is a promising option to obviate constraints, particularly diseases, associated with vegetative propagation . Storage roots are generally harvested 7 – 24 months after planting, depending on cultivar, purpose of use and growing conditions. Due to root perishability and rapid deterioration after harvest , fresh roots have to be used immediately after harvesting, either eaten on the farm, marketed for consumption, processed for starch extraction, dried for flour production, roasted for food products and/or used for animal feed.

However, preharvest pruning in the three weeks before harvest decreases root deterioration because of increases in the total sugar/starch ratio in the roots . Cassava processing near production fields, makes it an ideal vehicle for rural development through creating employment opportunities in the areas where it is grown. Some of the processed food products are commonly known as farinha da mandioca in Brazil and bordering countries, gablek in Indonesia, and gari and foufou in West Africa . Also, in the Amazon region, local people prepare drinks such as Mingaoand Manicuera . Combining fresh cassava markets with those of its processed products should increase marketing flflexibility and crop profifitability, hence reducing the many risks often encountered by the producers.

We observed no differences in reported coping strategies by cancer survivor status, which may be explained by the increased use of cannabis for non-medical purposes across the U.S. . The results of this study should be considered in light of the limitations of the study. First, due to the cross-sectional nature of the study, causation and temporality cannot be determined. Due to the anonymity of survey responses, there may be repeat responses, although data cleaning and reCAPTCHA methods in REDCap were used to avoid multiple responses. In addition, no monetary or other incentives were provided, thus reducing the likelihood of intentional repeated responses. Generalizability of study findings may be limited due to the electronic nature of the survey, which excludes cannabis users without internet access. Furthermore, due to the self-reported nature of the data, there is potential for recall bias and misclassification bias of COVID-19 and cannabis behaviors and symptoms.

Additionally, due to the urgent need for data collection early in the pandemic, the COVID-19 Cannabis Questionnaire was not validated within the target population prior to dissemination in the field. Medicinal cannabis use was based on self-report without medical record or prescription confirmation. Lastly, while differences in the age distribution between cancer survivors and non-cancer survivors were considered in our matching strategy, we describe bivariate associations between cannabis behaviors, COVID-19 symptoms, coping strategies by cancer status, and additional factors including race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status, which may explain the differences observed in the sample.Cannabinoids, active components of the plant Cannabis sativa, had been used for centuries in ancient medicine as therapeutic remedies for a variety of conditions, before becoming stigmatized due to their psychoactive effects . In the second half of the 19th century, phyto-cannabinoids have been re-evaluated after the discovery of the chemical structure and isolation of different substances, and the subsequent development of cannabinoid-based drugs that have been FDA approved mainly to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea, insomnia and appetite, epilepsy, spasticity, and pain management .

Then, the elucidation of the endocannabinoid system, from the initial type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands to the emerging complexity of a wider system made up of additional putative receptors, ligands and enzymes, altogether termed endocannabinoidome, has further boosted research into the therapeutic potential of phyto, endo and even syntho cannabinoids, cancer treatment included. Unfortunately, despite accumulated evidence pointing in the direction of the potential anti-carcinogenic effects of cannabinoids, there are still few data that corroborate those pre-clinical studies , but the fast-paced rhythm of research in this field bodes well for the long-awaited good news . In the current research topic, new important pieces of evidence regarding the role of cannabinoids in different types of cancer and their mechanisms of action are presented in four original manuscripts and six review articles. First, Singh et al. review literature data of cannabinoids’ anti-cancer effects and of their activity as cell proliferation inhibitors, signalling molecules, apoptosis inducers and cell motility deactivators in prostate cancer. The authors concluded that, although several pathways used by cannabinoids to provoke the death of cancer cells have indeed been identified, their mechanism of action remains as yet unclear . Of note, one of those key mechanisms involved in the development and progression of cancer is autophagy.

Lee et al. examine the molecular mechanism and role of this complex process in different types of cancer, and the role played by cannabinoids in its regulation. The ambivalent contribution of autophagy to tumour’s spread, inhibitory in early stages through anti-inflammatory and anti-necrosis action and supportive in more advanced stages by supplying energy to cancer cells, is an interesting starting point for innovative therapeutic exploitation. Several studies have demonstrated how cannabinoids, by inducing autophagy, can inhibit cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in some in vivo models through the activation of the p8/TRIB3 pathway; consistently, different cannabinoids in combination with radiotherapy have been found to reduce tumour growth by promoting autophagy; however, these promising data still lack a proper mechanistic understanding and require further investigation .