A small irradiance of light can bring changes in several compositions in growing plants

However, the psychoactive and psychotropic property of cannabis is particularly related to the presence of cannabinoids. In medicinal cannabis, cannabidiol , and tetrahydrocannabinol are most commonly occurring cannabinoids. From an industrial point of view, CBD is currently considered the most valuable cannabinoid as it possesses a broad range of therapeutic properties, such as anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory activity, and anti-oxidant . That said cannabinol , cannabigerol , and cannabichromene have also shown antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflflammatory, and analgesic properties .The therapeutic properties in natural products are also due to the presence of various phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates, lignans, carotenoids, polyphenols, etc. .Therefore, there is a growing interest to adopt the “natural” or alternative approaches to cure so-called lifestyle diseases, rather than using pharmacologic therapy. The use of natural products for the treatment or to prevent the diseases to gain the healthy lifestyle is progressing .

The supercritical fluid extraction method has gained increasing interest as a means of extracting cannabinoids from cannabis due to its selective extraction, short processing time, low running cost, and low impact on the environment, compared to conventional solvent-based extraction methods. SFE is a process in which the supercritical fluid separates or dissolves components from the plant matrix according to their solvating properties. The solvating property of extracting the component can be maintained by changing the temperature and pressure above the critical point. Therefore, due to the tunable nature of SCF it can only target the desired substance from the sample matrix . Additionally, the design of the SCF extracting chamber also plays an important role in the interaction of SCF substance with a targeted analyte. Proper experimental design can also maximize the yield of the targeted component with high purity. Various theoretical and physical factors also participates simultaneously to obtain the high yield. Furthermore, managing the pressure and throttling effect of SCF during extraction collection can enhance the extractability of SCF .

After the extraction of cannabinoids, the fast and reliable quantification method is an essential step of the analysis. Gas chromatography is considered as the most useful quantifying and separating technique for the analysis of cannabinoids as it considers a simpler and faster technique compared to high-performance liquid chromatography. However, during GC analysis, acidic cannabinoids convert into their neutral form due to the thermal effect. Therefore, the proper quantification of cannabinoids through GC derivatization step is necessary . HPLC is also considered as the simplest method to analyze the cannabinoids from the cannabis plant and other matrixes, as it does not require high heating step for analysis of the cannabinoids. Therefore, previously a number of HPLC methods have been developed for the determination of cannabinoids . Recent surveys have shown that cannabinoids quantification assays via HPLC focused on the analysis of main cannabinoids in a single run . However, these methods were either not validated properly or unable to perform the efficient separation of cannabinoids . Because of the complex nature of the plant extract, the major cannabinoids peaks overlap ,which affect the analysis . Previously, a number of studies focused on the SCF conditions for the extraction of cannabinoids.

However, the setup of SCF is equally important to gain a high yield of cannabinoids. Therefore, this study was aimed to develop a setup for the SCF extraction of cannabinoids with high yield at optimal operating conditions from cannabis plant material. In addition, reversed-phase uHPLC-DAD quantification assay was developed for the effective quantification of 11 main cannabinoids and their acids with good peak separation.Due to the complexity and lack of knowledge of SFE factors interactions and indepth fluid dynamics, SFE is considered a black box design. However, by exploring different experimental parameters, extraction principles and detailed point-to-point process information can produce favorable results . Optimization of the setup to obtain fruitful results is the first stage of every experimental design. Therefore, this study was conducted to design the best setup for the extraction of cannabinoids from cannabis by using SFE. For this study, two different units of SFE were used for the extraction, the Nottingham unit, and the Helix unit. The results are represented in Table 1.Light is the primary source of energy for plant growth and development through photosynthesis. This growth and developmental process depend on light spectral quality, intensity, compositions, duration, and direction .

The accumulated results reveal the antioxidant potential of the oil

Based on these studies, it can be concluded that the extract on the strips actually sealed the first immune barriers and limited the penetration of pathogenic factors through these barriers; therefore, the body had no need to respond to the appearance of foreign proteins by producing appropriate enzymes. In the case of the extract in syrup, the bee’s organism strengthened the internal immune mechanisms after being absorbed from the intestine and distributed by the hemolymph throughout the body. Activities of biomarkers: ALT, AST, ASP were in most cases higher in the bees fed with the hemp extract in the syrup and lower for the bees in group with extract on the strip, compared to the activity in the control bees. Biomarkers determine the functioning, viability, and susceptibility to damage of fat body cells, which is called the “invertebrate liver”. One of the most important biomarkers is the level of ALT. Increasing its concentration is often caused by damage to cells that play the role of the liver in insects, i.e., the fat body cells.

The lowering of the ALT value on the 7th day of supplementation in both experimental groups proves the potential protection of cells against damage in relation to the body without supplementation. In the case of supplementation on the strips, we observe a reduction in the value of other biomarkers, such as AST, ASP, due to the previously mentioned sealing of the insect cuticle and the creation of an external protective barrier. In the case of supplementation of the extract in syrup, the increased parameters of biomarkers may result from the consumption of a non-standard substance to which the enzymes are not originally adapted and may cause deviations from the norm. In order to determine the further influence of hemp extract on these parameters, their height should be examined in the future in bees older than 7 days. Additionally, the increased activity in relation to the control group should not be negatively considered. The research of Sokol indicates that biomarkers in bees may show the opposite tendency towards mammalian organisms, e.g., have decreased activity during infection with V. destructor . CBD , a substance responsible for sedative effects, has the ability to act intracellularly on mitochondria and nuclear receptors due to cannabidiol lipophilic nature. Hemp extract with syrup may turn out to be more energetic thanks to the influence of active substances on cellular organelles, i.e., mitochondria , which would result in lower consumption of the syrup and next in lower glucose concentration .

In addition, hemp extract, depending on the base , may cause changes and a slowdown of sugar metabolism due to the content of fats that digest slower, and as a result the supplied sugar could be metabolized by the body for a longer time . This may be a factor in reducing the glucose concentration in our study. Confirmation of the positive effect of a lower consumption of enriched syrup may be the fact that higher food intake usually occurs in the case of infections, e.g., with microsporidia of Nosema spp., where the energy economy is disturbed, and oxidative stress and thermoregulation disorders are undoubtedly a negative effect. Bees suffering from nosemosis consume huge amounts of food . This symptom is the opposite reaction to the results obtained in our supplementation. The increase in urea concentrates in the case of the administration of cannabis in syrup may be related to the increased supply of protein and lipids in the diet of experimental bees compared to control bees, whose main food was sugar. Therefore, we can also observe a slight increase in urea concentration in relation to the control for supplementation with strips due to less direct exposure of bees to the extract compared to administration in syrup. Our results in this case are opposite to the results obtained by Strachecka . Coenzyme and curcumin had a lower effect on the level of urea in the bees’ hemolymph, causing an increase in uric acid during the tests. Both substances contain ketone groups which may suggest that the indicated trends are specific for these compounds. Digestion of hemp extract having a different chemical structure compared to the supplementation above may take place in a different way, the effect of which was visible in the increased concentrationof urea, and maybe lowered in the case of uric acid.

To confirm this, studies should be carried out on the concentration of uric acid in supplementation with hemp extract. Plants are sources of the many natural bioactive compounds, which are of increasing interest for their pharmacological potential including antioxidant, antitumor, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Oils extracted from the seeds of various plants have attracted much attention in recent years due to their nutritional and pharmacological properties. Hemp is an annual plant of the Cannabaceae family that is cultivated for a range of purposes, including the production of fiber, shives, secondary metabolites , and the nutritionally valuable seeds . The hemp plant contains a rich profile of bioactive phytochemicals, including cannabinoids, terpenes, sugars, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, and nitrogenous compounds . Of special interest is the composition of the highly nutritional hemp seeds, which are traditionally consumed raw or in the form of oil containing a unique fatty acid profile, which is extracted from the seed by cold pressing . The extracted hemp seed oil contains linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid at a ratio of 2.5:1–3:1; its consumption is considered to provide a cardioprotective effect and improve the lipid profile. The α-linolenic acid that can be found in hemp seed oil has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities , while the profile of fatty acids of hemp seed oil was also demonstrated to have positive effects on skin appearance and function .

Antioxidant phytomolecules, such as tocopherols, phenols, polyphenols, and lignanamides in the oil, are important for cell protection against oxidative stress.Since oxidative stress has been etiologically implicated in a wide range of medical conditions and its treatment has been proven to positively affect the course and progression of diverse disease states, different plants have been widely investigated for their potential as antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species are produced in cells as part of the normal physiological and metabolic processes, and cells have universal antioxidative protective mechanisms that maintain redox balance . Under stress conditions, the balance between reactive species production and antioxidant defense is disturbed and the result is the development of oxidative stress.