The use of natural plant fibers as a reinforcement in FRP to replace synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fibers is presently receiving attention because of advantages such as renewable resources, low density and high specific strength.Furthermore, in recent years, development of biodegradable composites using natural plant fibers such as flax, bamboo, pineapple , silk ,jute , kenaf and ramie as a reinforcement and biodegradable resin as a matrix is conducted actively. And researches on molding condition, mechanical properties and interfacial bonding have been carried out.In former paper , the research about development of high strength unidirectional Manila hemp fiber reinforced biodegradable composites was reported.The unidirectional biodegradable composites were made from Manila hemp fiber bundles and a starch-based emulsion-type biodegradable resin. The tensile and flexural strengths of the composites increased with increasing fiber content up to 70%. The aim of this study is to develop cross ply biodegradable composites to expand the range of applications of the biodegradable composites.
Manila hemp textile was used as the reinforcement for cross ply biodegradable composites and investigated about their mechanical properties. and marijuana use is a public health challenge all over the world and especially in Sub Saharan Africa. The problem of substance abuse in the region has compounded an already existing burden of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The combination of low socioeconomic status and substance use can be described as a social and economic disaster for many poor families of Africa. Whereas some substances such as alcohol and tobacco have always been traditionally accepted especially among adults,cannabis drying racks their use has reached epidemic proportions in young Nigerians. The uses of other substances such as marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines have also grown disproportionately over the years .Tobacco is risk factor for many acute and chronic diseases nevertheless, about1.1 billion people use tobacco worldwide and about 7 million die yearly of tobacco related illnesses. The burden tobacco use and morbidity is rising in developing countries especially in sub-Saharan Africa. A recent systematic review on the index problem has reported a steady increase in the sub-continent .
It is estimated that the in the continent from 12.8% to 18.9%by the year 2025 .The World Health Statistics report of 2017 showed that the highest prevalence of smoking in SSA was 55%and the lowest 0.2%. Similar to many other countries of the world, tobacco smoking in sub-continent is a predominantly a male dominated problem across all socio-economic strata. In a review of 26 papers from 13 countries spanning a total 8 years, Brathwaite et al. , the prevalence of smoking ranged from 1.8% in Zambia to 25.8% in Sierra Leone and was consistently higher in men compared to women in all studies. The problem of smoking is increasing among adolescents in SSA. In a cross sectional school based survey in Khartoum State the prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 13.6% .Studies in Nigeria have also reported high prevalence of smoking among adolescents . Urban rural differences in smoking habits exist and vary between countries and regions in SSA .The prevalence and pattern of tobacco use reported in several studies in Nigeria have shown a consistent trend: significant higher rate of smoking among males, urban-rural differences, high exposure at an early age, easy accessibility and poor understanding of the risk associated with the substance. In Nigeria, the overall prevalence of cigarette smoking was estimated to be 17.4% in males and 1.1% in females . Obvious regional differences exist in the prevalence of smoking and use of other forms of tobacco in Nigeria. In a national survey of substance abuse in Nigeria the lifetime, 1-year and 30-day prevalence of smoking were 12.2%, 6.4% and 5.3% respectively with the highest prevalence in south eastern part of the country.
The prevalence of smoking among undergraduate students in various universities in Nigeria were similar to population-based studies possibly because of the age distribution of smokers which is favor of the young. In university of Ilorin, the prevalence rate of current cigarette smoking was 5.7% and lifetime smoking was 17.1% . It has been estimated that the majority of smokers start smoking as early as in their teens most of whom were influenced into smoking by peer pressure and commercial advertisements. The mean age of first exposure to cigarette among university students suggest that most start people start smoking in secondary schools .WHO statistics suggest that 68.9% of youth in the African Region bought cigarettes in a store and were not refused purchase because of their age.There is some evidence that this may be also be related to religious, social and psychological reasons .